In line 1 of antimony oxide production shown in Fig. 1, the operating temperature is 1000 (^circ {text{C}}) for the removal of sulfur and obtaining the volatile "crude oxide" from a concentrate with an average grade of 55% Sb that avoids a higher frequency of slag bleeding. Line 2, is called the refining line, is intended for the …
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Purification is a primary application of zone melting, in which the improvement of efficiency, production yield and minimum achievable impurity level are always the research focus due to the increasing demand for high purity metals. This paper has systematically outlined the whole development of related research on zone refining of metals including basic …
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Zhao was one of the founders of the antimony metallurgy industry of China. At the beginning of the 1940s, he invented the alkali blowing oxidation refining process for antimony making, and it was the first time to increase antimony grade to the highest level (over 99.8%) in industrial production in the world.
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The optimal parameters for the alkaline sulfide leaching process of the initial concentrate from the Olimpiadinskoe deposit were determined to achieve the maximum …
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Crude antimony that is produced from any of the upstream processes, is impure and requires further refining to meet commercial and technical criteria; …
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The reverberatory furnace for reduction of antimony oxide was also enlarged: refining at lower temperatures and continuous mechanical casting into ingots gave a high-grade regulus. ... To eliminate the hazard of waste gases from antimony smelters a new hydrometallurgical process has also been developed that consists of alkali sulphide …
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Abstract. The main purpose of this study was to separate lead from crude antimony through an oxidation pyro-refining process and by using sodium metaphosphate as a lead elimination reagent. The ...
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1. Antimony – general aspects. Antimony comes under group 15 of the periodic table with ground state electronic configuration [Kr]4d 10 5s 2 5p 3. 121 Sb (57.21% abundance) and 123 Sb (42.7% abundance) are the two stable isotopes of antimony. Antimony can possess different oxidation states (such as +5, +3, 0, −3 and …
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Antimony, rod, 99.99999% (7N), diameter 9 mm, length 60 mm; ... Antimony exposure can occur in smelting and refining operations and in alloy production. Antimony is used in glass, paints, ceramics, pigments, lead solders, and lead storage batteries. It is also used as a catalyst in the rubber and electronics industries. ... Chemical and Process ...
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Computation-assisted analyzing and forecasting on impurities removal behavior during zone refining of antimony. ... Sb with a purity level of 4 N (i.e. 99.99%) is an important ingredient in Bi 2 Te 3-type alloys utilized in ... When aiming to introduce a zone refining process in the shortest possible time, a combination of different situations ...
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open access. Highlights. •. Antimony can be extracted from an industrial side stream by hydrolysis with water. •. Antimony extraction yields >90% were …
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This study aimed to introduce a comprehensive process for separating and recovering antimony from a complex stibnite concentrate. Antimony is first leached through a chlorination–oxidation procedure to obtain SbCl 3 solution. Antimony is then recovered in the forms of cubic crystal Sb 2 O 3 (99.9%), high-purity cathode antimony …
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A major challenge in the smelting and refining of copper (Cu) is the control of the concentration levels of metal impurities that are deleterious to the final copper product. High purity copper is required for high-tech applications. Bismuth (Bi) and antimony (Sb) are two of the most critical impurities, which cause grain boundary cracks in ...
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The optimal parameters for the alkaline sulfide leaching process of the initial concentrate from the Olimpiadinskoe deposit were determined to achieve the maximum …
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Results of electrolysis of antimony (99.56% Sb) in a sulfate-fluoride electrolyte are provided. Electrolysis parameters and distribution of 20 associated elements between the cathode metal, sludge ...
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Arsenic and antimony, ... " generated during the copper electrolytic refining process, whose output was 0.2 ∼ 2.0 % of the weight of copper anodes [2]. Copper anode slime, composed of impurities in copper anodes, is a typical hazardous waste containing harmful elements (As and Pb) [3]. ... During the pretreatment process, 99.9% of …
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Vacuum distillation process uses the differences in the volatile properties of various metals in crude tin in vacuum and high temperature, to efficiently remove the impurities such as lead, bismuth, antimony, and arsenic. This process is an important approach for pyrometallurgical refining of crude tin (Fig. 2).
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An electrolytic refining process is used in order to obtain antimony with an overall impurity content not above 0.1–0.3%. In this this case the complete scheme for …
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During zone refining process, As concentration in the whole bar was considerably reduced from 456 ppm to below 150 ppm after only one zone pass, due to the enrichment of Al at the end of the bar ...
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Ultra-high purity antimony (Sb, 99.999%) has a wide range of applications especially in semiconductors, either as tuning element or as main component in specific compounds such as InSb, GaSb and SbTe. ... During zone refining process, As concentration in the whole bar was considerably reduced from 456 ppm to below 150 …
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Three different methods are currently used for HACT industrial processing. (1) Al slag and Cu slag obtained by adding S to separate Cu during refining crude Sn (which contains 15–25% Cu, 60% Sn, and S) are mixed and smelted to produce a Sn–Cu–Pb–Sb–Bi alloy. This alloy is subsequently converted into a babbitt alloy after the ...
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The low-purity lead bullion contains only 75–80% by weight lead, leading to the poor efficiency of electrolytic refining. In this procedure, antimony is oxidized to Sb 2 O 3 and then reduced to Sb. The direct recovery ratio of lead and antimony is unsatisfactory due to the long process by conventional industrial pyrometallurgy process shown ...
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Finally, refining steps are needed to obtain pure antimony metal (e.g., arsenic removal with NaOH). This creates arsenate- and antimonate-containing …
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As a result of research, a method for fire refining of rough antimony was developed to obtain a high-grade metal with a content of not less than 99.65% Sb and not more than 2000 ppm Pb versus (1.4 ...
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As a result of research, a method for fire refining of rough antimony was developed to obtain a high-grade metal with a content of not less than 99.65% Sb and not more than 2000 ppm Pb versus (1.4 ...
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During the electrorefining of copper, anodes of, typically, 98–99% copper are dissolved into an electrolyte consisting of 130–220-g/L ... Data published in copper refinery world surveys. Full size image. In ... The antimony process was able to go from an initial concentration of 3.5-g/L Sb to about 0.07-g/L Sb and keep the current ...
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1. Introduction. Antimony (Sb) is a troublesome impurity in the tin (Sn) smelting process. Generally, the Sb content in a Sn concentrate is 0.01–0.5%, and approximately 95% Sb is mixed with crude Sn after reduction and smelting [1, 2].During crude Sn pyrorefining, Sb and aluminum (Al) are used to generate high melting point …
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Nyrstar has a market leading position in lead, producing a number of refined products for market. This includes lead concentrate and refined market lead (99.97% and 99.99%), as well as lead-antimony alloys, copperised-lead …
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Refining dross is the result of lead refining process where impurities like copper, tellurium, arsenic-antimony-tin, silver, zinc and bismuth in sequence from lead bullion. There are many types and composition of each type of dross varies and is subjected to specific refining steps and raw material contents. Conversely, lead refining process ...
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The study area is located in Chungcheongnam-do, South Korea (Fig. 1).The Sb refinery was initially established in 1980 to produce antimony xide (Sb 2 O 3) from Sb ore minerals (primarily Sb 2 S 3).However, beginning in 1988, Sb metal imported from overseas has been used to produce ∼5000 t y −1 of Sb 2 O 3.In the 1980s, near-field …
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In the process of electrolytic refining, the required antimony content of lead anode plate is approximately 0.4–0.7 wt%. When antimony content of lead anode plate is more than 1.2 wt%, antimony firmly adheres to the residual lead anode plate during the refining process, which leads to difficulty in cleaning.
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The rejects of zone refining are purified by chemical treatment to give a product of 99.9% pure Bi. Bismuth telluride( Bi2Te3), a compound of tellurium and bismuth.
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But electrolytic refining is already playing an important, albeit minor, role in the production of base metals. Electrolysis is also widely used in the production and refining of precious metals, for instance, electrolytic gold is …
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In connection with the above, a process has been developed and tested for processing lead refining slags which include, %: 25–30 Sb, 2–10 Pb, 1–8 Sn, 3–12 As, 0.1–0.2 Cu. The resultant ...
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Antimony Metallurgy. Antimony metallurgy is the technology that extracts antimony metal from antimony ores or produces antimony compounds. Antimony was discovered in the ancient time, and its name was derived from antimonite. In 1604, a process was invented to extract antimony and antimony sulfide as described by B. …
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